Debt-for-nature swaps are financial arrangements whereby a debtor nation agrees to protect or restore its natural resources in return for debt relief. However, compared to climate finance instruments, such as carbon credits, the transaction costs of debt-for-nature swaps can be significantly higher due to complex legal requirements. The swap’s effectiveness also depends on the debtor nation’s ability to make long-term financial commitments in order to undertake climate action as part of this financial agree­­ment. 

Monetary financing, or the monetization of government deficits, is a monetary policy whereby a central bank purchases debt directly from that country's government in order to finance a government deficit. this has two effects: it (1) facilitates government spending, and (2) increases the supply of money in an economy. Monetizing government deficits differs from quantitative easing in the sense that the former involves purchasing bonds directly from the government, whereas the latter involves buying bonds and other financial assets on the secondary (i.e. open) market. The European Central Bank is different from many central banks because it performs the typical functions of a central bank across all countries which use the Euro. 

An IPO is the process by which a privately held corporations (either by governments or private companies) becomes publicly traded by offering its shares to the public for the first time on a stock exchange.

Pakistan’s two major parties, the PML-N led by Shehbaz Sharif and the Pakistan’s People’s Party (the political party of former President Bilawal Bhutto) are currently in talks to form a minority coalition government in Pakistan, after former members of Imran Khan’s party won a significant portion of the votes as Independents in the General Election.

The PPP and the PML-N have historically been ideological different, for example PPP has always espoused socialist principles, and prioritise doing welfare spending, labour rights, etc., as opposed to the PML-N who have historically supported Free Market Capitalism, and they historically have had leaders who have been political arch-rivals

Debt-for-nature swaps are financial arrangements whereby a debtor nation agrees to protect or restore its natural resources in return for debt relief. However, compared to climate finance instruments, such as carbon credits, the transaction costs of debt-for-nature swaps can be significantly higher due to complex legal requirements. The swap’s effectiveness also depends on the debtor nation’s ability to make long-term financial commitments in order to undertake climate action as part of this financial agree­­ment. 

Monetary financing, or the monetization of government deficits, is a monetary policy whereby a central bank purchases debt directly from that country's government in order to finance a government deficit. this has two effects: it (1) facilitates government spending, and (2) increases the supply of money in an economy. Monetizing government deficits differs from quantitative easing in the sense that the former involves purchasing bonds directly from the government, whereas the latter involves buying bonds and other financial assets on the secondary (i.e. open) market. The European Central Bank is different from many central banks because it performs the typical functions of a central bank across all countries which use the Euro. 

An IPO is the process by which a privately held corporations (either by governments or private companies) becomes publicly traded by offering its shares to the public for the first time on a stock exchange.

For the purposes of this debate, nationalisation refers to all control (i.e. administration, funding, etc.) transferred to the central government

"Recovery from Religion" organisations are nonprofit organisations that offer support to people who are trying to leave a religion. 

Public-private partnerships involve collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centers. Public-private partnerships often involve concessions of tax or other operating revenue, protection from liability, or partial ownership rights over nominally public services and property to private sector, for-profit entities.

In the context of anti-terrorism, "decapitation" refers to the strategy of targeting terrorist leaders for assassination.

The Houthis are a radical Shia fundamentalist group who seized control of the capital of Yemen, Sana'a, in 2014. They've been fighting against the internationally recognized government led by President Hadi, with support from a Saudi-led (Sunni majority nation) coalition including the United States. 

The US has been involved primarily through support that includes arms sales, intelligence sharing, and logistical assistance. 

The Scarborough Shoal is an island in the South China Sea. China and the Philippines have conflicting claims over Scarborough Shoal. The Philippines brought the issue to an international tribunal, which ruled in Favour of the Philippines in 2016 but China has rejected the decision. Duterte who came to power in the Philippines in 2016 was much more favorable to China and offered to set aside the ruling. Bongbong Marcos, son of legacy dictator Ferdinand Marcos came into power in 2022. 

Czech, Lithuania, Slovakia, etc have recently joined the European Union. Montenegro, Bosnia Herzegovina and other countries from the Eastern Bloc are countries who have previously been ridden by proxy conflicts and have applied to be a part of the European Union.

The 'snail girl era' is the opposite of the girlboss narrative. It encourages young women to live a slower, more relaxed lifestyle.

“Making money off the male gaze” is defined as women opting into proactive display of their sexuality for monetary benefits.

For the purposes of this debate, the Prison Industrial Complex refers to the system of privately-run prisons.

SEEK is an algorithm which can near-perfectly (90%) determine whether a prisoner is likely to commit the crime for which they have been convicted again (recidivize). The technology accounts for things such as remorse, fear of the law, willingness to integrate into society but NOT socioeconomic status, community crime rates, or racial background. Its sole priority is to ascertain whether the crime will be repeated. SEEK can be used on each prisoner once a month. 

The collegium system of appointment of judges primarily refers to a system where judges essentially choose judges. In India, the collegium refers to the 5 seniors most judges of the Supreme Court (led by the Chief Justice), who are the binding authority in all judicial appointments (transfer of judges, promotion of high court judges to the supreme court, etc.), and the government has no significant say in the decision-making process. 

Pocketing means keeping someone you’re dating separate from the rest of your life, like not introducing them to your friends, inviting them to events or making mention of your relationship on social media.

Prenuptial agreements are legal documents created by couples before marriage. They outline how assets, debts, and other financial matters will be divided in the event of divorce, separation, or death.